skateboarding, form of recreation and sport, popular among youths, in which a person rides standing balanced on a small board mounted on wheels.
Considered one of the so-called extreme sports, skateboarding as a professional sport boasts a range of competitions, including vertical and street-style events.
Vertical skating (also called "vert") features aerial acrobatics performed in half-pipes that were originally built to emulate empty swimming pools.
Street style features tricks performed in a real or simulated urban environment with stairs, rails, ledges, and other obstacles.
Skateboarding has developed as a youth subculture that emphasizes creativity and individuality.
It is an alternative to mainstream team sports, which are more formally organized and largely controlled by adults.
(Read Britannica's biography of Tony Hawk.)
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The first commercial skateboards appeared in 1959, but crude homemade versions of skateboards, often consisting of nothing more than old roller-skate wheels attached to a board, were first built after the turn of the 20th century.
In the early 1960s, skateboard manufacturers such as Makaha and Hobie attempted to capitalize on the rising popularity of surfing by promoting skateboarding, then known as "sidewalk surfing," as an alternative diversion when no rideable waves were available.
In 1963 Makaha formed the first professional skateboard team, and that same year the first skateboard competition was held in Hermosa, California.
It included events in freestyle and downhill slalom skateboarding.
The initial popularity of skateboarding waned over the next couple of years because of the limitations of the skateboard's maneuverability and because of warnings from safety professionals that the activity was dangerous.
Skateboards were revived in the mid-1970s after the development of the faster and more-maneuverable polyurethane wheel and the introduction of the kicktail, the raised back end of the board that makes kickturns possible.
The craze spread worldwide, and skateboard magazines helped promote both the sport and young innovative riders such as Tony Alva and Stacey Peralta.
The first skate park was built in Florida in 1976, and many others began to appear throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, all providing a variety of slopes and banked surfaces for sudden turns and stunts.
It was at this time that riders started skating in empty pools and exploring the "vertical" potential of the sport.
The empty pools soon gave way to half-pipes, U-shaped riding surfaces used to perform aerial stunts.
Though protective gear such as helmets and knee pads was commonplace, safety concerns and escalating insurance premiums for skate parks played a major role in the sport's second fall from widespread popularity.
In the 1980s skateboarding enjoyed an underground following.
Skateboarders built their own ramps and half-pipes and began skating the urban environments, creating what became known as street style.
Increased board size and improved truck constructions helped the new style thrive.
It was during this time that a distinctive youth subculture began to develop around the sport.
Punk rock and baggy clothes became closely associated with young skaters.
The daring and individualistic nature of street and vert skateboarding was spread through straight-to-video documentary films that found a large youth audience.
The videos made stars of vert skaters Tony Hawk and Steve Caballero and street skaters Natas Kaupas and Mark Gonzalez, among many others.
But it was the advent of large competitions, such as the X Games, an alternative sports festival sponsored by the cable television network ESPN and first held in 1995, that gave the sport mainstream exposure and a certain commercial legitimacy.
Skateboarding has established itself as a professional sport while still maintaining its independence from traditional team sports.
Snowboarding and in-line roller-skating have been heavily influenced by skateboarding techniques and culture.
Most skateboards are about 32 inches (81 cm) long and 9 inches (23 cm) wide.
A skateboard comprises three major parts: the deck (the board upon which the rider stands), the trucks (the construction that attaches the wheels to the deck), and the wheels.
Originally, decks were made of wood, but later they were also made of aluminum, fibreglass, and plastic.
The rear part of the deck is bent upward to form the kicktail, as is the front ("nose") on modern designs.
The truck includes an axle, a hangar (which houses the axle), and a cushion that both absorbs shocks and provides flexibility for steering.
The wheels are made of tough polyurethane plastic.
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There are variations of the skateboard, most notably the longboard, which can run from 38 to 60 inches (96.5 to 152.5 cm) in length.
The sport of street luge began with the use of longboards, ridden in a prone position down a steep hill.
The street luge vehicles are still essentially skateboards but are up to 8.5 feet (2.
6 metres) long and have supports for the head and feet.
They can reach speeds of 80 miles (130 km) per hour.
Other modifications to the skateboard include sails for wind-aided riding and blades for skating on ice.
Much of the excitement of skateboarding rests in the riders' creativity.
Skaters compete to invent new tricks or new combinations of tricks.
Three of the most fundamental skateboarding moves are the kickturn, the ollie, and the grind.
A kickturn is accomplished when the rider pushes down on the kicktail, lifting the front wheels off the ground and spinning on the rear wheels.
The hands-free aerial known as the ollie is one of the most important tricks in contemporary skateboarding.
It was invented in 1978 by Alan ("Ollie") Gelfand, who discovered that slamming his foot down on the kicktail and simultaneously sliding his front foot forward caused the board and himself to jump into the air together.
A grind involves riding with the trucks against the edge or top of an object.
World Cup Skateboarding, founded in 1994, oversees the biggest street and vert skateboarding competitions, including events in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States and throughout Europe and Asia.
