American video game developer
Infinity Ward, Inc. is an American video game developer. They developed the video game Call of Duty, 4️⃣ along with seven other installments in the Call of Duty series. Vince Zampella, Grant Collier, and Jason West established Infinity 4️⃣ Ward in 2002 after working at 2024, Inc. previously.[1][2] All of the 22 original team members of Infinity Ward came 4️⃣ from the team that had worked on Medal of Honor: Allied Assault while at 2024, Inc. Activision helped fund Infinity 4️⃣ Ward in its early days, buying up 30 percent of the company, before eventually fully acquiring them.[3] The studio's first 4️⃣ game, World War II shooter Call of Duty, was released on the PC in 2003. The day after the game 4️⃣ was released, Activision bought the rest of Infinity Ward, signing employees to long-term contracts. Infinity Ward went on to make 4️⃣ Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern 4️⃣ Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Ghosts, Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, the Modern Warfare reboot, and its sequel.
Co-founder Collier left 4️⃣ the company in early 2009 to join parent company Activision. In 2010, West and Zampella were fired by Activision for 4️⃣ "breaches of contract and insubordination",[4][5] they soon founded a game studio called Respawn Entertainment. On May 3, 2014, Neversoft was 4️⃣ merged into Infinity Ward.[6]
History [ edit ]
Infinity Ward was founded as an Activision division by Grant Collier, Jason West, and 4️⃣ Vince Zampella in 2002.[7][3] The studio was formed by several members of 2024 Games, LLC., the studio that developed the 4️⃣ successful Medal of Honor: Allied Assault for Electronic Arts (EA) in 2002. Dissatisfied with the current contract they had under 4️⃣ EA, Collier, West, and Zampella engaged with Activision to help establish Infinity Ward, which became one of the primary studios 4️⃣ within Activision for the competing Call of Duty series.[8] Initially, Activision provided Infinity Ward US$1.5 million for 30% stake in 4️⃣ the company to start development on the first game Call of Duty, acquiring full ownership after the title was successfully 4️⃣ launched in 2003.[9] During this period, the studio was about 25 employees including many who followed Collier, West, and Zampella 4️⃣ from 2024. Activision allowed Infinity Ward a great deal of freedom in how it developed its titles.[9]
Shortly after this release, 4️⃣ Microsoft contacted Activision to seek a Call of Duty title as a launch title for the upcoming Xbox 360 console.[9] 4️⃣ Infinity Ward agreed to prepare Call of Duty 2 for release in the last quarter of 2005. Collier said the 4️⃣ request would help them lose the stigma of being only a personal computer developer, and so to make sure the 4️⃣ console version was on parity, they tripled their staff to about 75 employees.[9] Much of the focus of Infinity Ward's 4️⃣ development was improving its game engine to include realistic special effects, such as smoke grenades to hinder sight, or bullets 4️⃣ piercing through weak materials.[9] Call of Duty 2 was a major success, having an 85% attach rate to new Xbox 4️⃣ 360 console sales, and selling 1.4 million units its first year.[9] At this point, Activision brought in Treyarch, one of 4️⃣ their internal studios, to help develop additional Call of Duty games, with Infinity Ward spending the time and effort to 4️⃣ improve the game's engine for one game, and Treyarch using the updated engine to create a new title.[9] Treyarch released 4️⃣ the next sequel Call of Duty 3 while Infinity Ward itself developed Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, which instead 4️⃣ of taking place during World War II, was set in a contemporary period with a fictional conflict between superpowers.[9] At 4️⃣ the time of Modern Warfare's release, Infinity Ward had more than 100 employees.[9]
2010 employee firings and departures [ edit ]
Following 4️⃣ the critical and financially successful release of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare in 2007, Jason West (president, co-CCO, and 4️⃣ CTO) and Vince Zampella (CEO) began contract negotiations with Activision. They promised to deliver Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 4️⃣ in 2009, but in exchange asked for extremely large bonuses and creative control of the Call of Duty series. Activision 4️⃣ agreed, but added a clause to the contract that should they be fired, the rights to Call of Duty would 4️⃣ fall back to Activision.[10]
Following the execution of the contract in 2008, Activision began seeking ways to find reason to fire 4️⃣ West and Zampella to trigger the new clause. This in turn led to West and Zampella look to means to 4️⃣ make Infinity Ward a studio outside of Activision's control.[10] Events came to a head in February 2010 when Activision hired 4️⃣ a lawfirm to investigate Infinity Ward. On March 1, 2010, West and Zampella were released by Activision for "insubordination", forfeiting 4️⃣ the bonuses they had negotiated.[10] The pair went on to form Respawn Entertainment in April 2010 as an independent studio, 4️⃣ through working closely with EA on a yet-announced project. Several dozen of Infinity Ward's employees resigned in the following months, 4️⃣ many taking up positions at Respawn.[11][12]
West and Zampella had been replaced on an interim basis by Activision CTO Steve Pearce 4️⃣ and head of production Steve Ackrich.[13] By November 2010, Activision had installed new management at Infinity Ward, and Vivendi chairman 4️⃣ and CEO Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that Infinity Ward "got over" their problems and are fully reconstructed and that Activision is 4️⃣ very happy with the result. The executive went on to say that there will be three studios working on the 4️⃣ Call of Duty franchise including the newly formed studio Sledgehammer Games.[14][15]
Several lawsuits followed in the wake of West and Zampella's 4️⃣ departure. The pair themselves initially filed suit against Activision shortly after their release to reclaim "substantial royalty payments" that Activision 4️⃣ failed to pay them in the weeks leading up to their firing, estimated to be US$36 million;[10][16][17][18] this figure eventually 4️⃣ rose to over US$1 billion by May 2012, based on Activision's SEC filings.[19] Activision countersued the pair in April 2010, 4️⃣ calling their actions to fire them justified and asserting the two were "self-serving schemers".[20] Activision amended its suit in December 4️⃣ 2010 to include EA as a defendant, stating that their competitor had worked with West and Zampella to "destabilize, disrupt 4️⃣ and ... destroy Infinity Ward", and sought US$400 million in damages.[21][22] Separately, several former and current members of Infinity Ward 4️⃣ under the name "Infinity Ward Employee Group" (IWEG) sued Activision for between US$75 – 125 million for unpaid bonuses for 4️⃣ work on Modern Warfare 2 and an additional US$75–500 million in punitive damages.[23][24] Ultimately by May 2012, Activision had settled 4️⃣ with the IWEG for US$42 million,[25] while private settlements were separately reached between Activision and EA, and between Activision, West 4️⃣ and Zampella.[26]
2012 departure of Robert Bowling [ edit ]
On March 27, 2012, Robert Bowling resigned as creative strategist of Call 4️⃣ of Duty and a lead employee at Infinity Ward. In response, Activision issued a statement thanking Bowling for his service.[27] 4️⃣ When questioned about his department, Bowling responded "Too much 'pew pew' not enough new new".[28] Signs of disagreement between Bowling 4️⃣ and Infinity Ward arose in an interview in February 2012 when he stated: "I feel like we are in a 4️⃣ fucking era where everyone is so focused on subscriber numbers and all that stuff that we need to get back 4️⃣ to what I feel like we did so much better in the old days of just plain good will, like 4️⃣ stuff like the LAN patch, yeah it is lower priority but let's get it out the fucking door. Let's just 4️⃣ do it."[29]
Neversoft merger and further expansion [ edit ]
In May 2014, Neversoft was merged with Infinity Ward to form a 4️⃣ single 'super-studio' after both collaborated on the development of Call of Duty: Ghosts. Neversoft studio head Joel Jewett and studio 4️⃣ director Scott Pease retired shortly after the completion of the merger.[31][32][33]
Infinity Ward presently operates in five locations – California, Texas, 4️⃣ Poland, Mexico and Spain.[34] The studio in Kraków, Poland opened in December 2024. The studio serves as a research and 4️⃣ development center, and is headed by principal rendering engineer Michal Drobot.[35][36] The Poland studio assisted in rebuilding the IW engine 4️⃣ for the 2024 reboot of Modern Warfare and Call of Duty: Warzone.[37] In October 2024, Infinity Ward opened a new 4️⃣ studio in Austin, Texas.[38] In June 2024, Infinity Ward continued to expand with its fifth location, opening a studio in 4️⃣ Barcelona, Spain to continue supporting Modern Warfare as well as assisting development in Warzone Mobile.[39][40]
Reception [ edit ]
Infinity Ward's first 4️⃣ title, Call of Duty, won 90 Game of the Year awards[41] and 50 Editor's Choice Awards.[42][43] It also continues to 4️⃣ be among the highest-rated games, according to GameRankings.[44] Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare enjoyed massive commercial and critical success, 4️⃣ selling over 13 million copies from its release in November 2007 through May 2009.[45]
In 2010, Infinity Ward was ranked third 4️⃣ by Develop 100 only running up to developer Nintendo and Bungie for the top 100 developers based on the sales 4️⃣ of their games in the UK.[46]
Infinity Ward's sequel to Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4️⃣ 2, earned overR$550 million in sales in its first five days on the market, withR$310 million of those sales made 4️⃣ in the first 24 hours after the game's release.[47]
The sequel to Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, 4️⃣ sold 6.5 million copies in the US and UK alone and grossedR$400 million within 24 hours of going on sale.[48][49]
Game 4️⃣ engines [ edit ]
Infinity Ward used an enhanced version of the id Tech 3 engine from Quake III Arena for 4️⃣ the first Call of Duty in 2003. For Call of Duty 2, Infinity Ward heavily modified the engine, featuring more 4️⃣ powerful visuals and DirectX 9 support, and was known internally as the "IW" game engine. The version that was used 4️⃣ for Call of Duty 2 was designated as IW 2.0.[50] Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare runs on a highly 4️⃣ upgraded version of the engine from Call of Duty 2 dubbed "IW 3.0", with features that include true world-dynamic lighting, 4️⃣ HDR lighting effects, dynamic shadows and depth of field.[51] The Call of Duty: Black Ops sub-series and the James Bond 4️⃣ video game Quantum of Solace were developed by Treyarch using modified versions of Infinity Ward's engine.[52]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4️⃣ 2, uses an upgraded engine dubbed "IW 4.0", which is a generation more advanced than the engine used in Call 4️⃣ of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.[50] Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 uses IW 5.0 (MW3 Engine), an improved version of 4️⃣ the IW 4.0 engine. Improvements on the engine allow better streaming technology which allows larger regions for the game while 4️⃣ running at a minimum of 60 frames per second, improvements to the audio of the engine have also been made.[53]
Call 4️⃣ of Duty: Ghosts features an upgraded next-generation version of the IW 5.0 seen in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3.[54] 4️⃣ IW 6.0 is compatible with next-gen systems such as Xbox One and PlayStation 4 so polygon counts, texture detail and 4️⃣ overall graphical fidelity has been increased. IW 6.0 is also compatible with Microsoft Windows, Wii U, PS3 and Xbox 360. 4️⃣ The IW 6.0 engine features technology from Pixar, SubD, which increases the level of detail of models as one gets 4️⃣ closer to them. Mark Rubin has said about the HDR lighting "We used to paint it in and cover up 4️⃣ the cracks, but now it's all real-time".[55] Ghosts uses Iris Adjust tech which allows the player to experience from a 4️⃣ person's point of view how their eyes would react to changes in lighting conditions realistically. Other features include new animation 4️⃣ systems, fluid dynamics, interactive smoke, displacement mapping and dynamic multiplayer maps. Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare's IW 7.0 features weightlessness 4️⃣ system, game physics improvement, improved AI and improved non-player characters behaviors.[56][57]
Modern Warfare (2024 reboot) and Call of Duty: Warzone uses 4️⃣ a heavily rebuilt IW engine for the series, allowing for the use of more detailed environments, advanced photogrammetry and rendering, 4️⃣ better volumetric lighting, and the use of ray tracing.[58][59][60] The new engine had been in development five years prior to 4️⃣ the release of the game, and was a collaborative effort between the main Infinity Ward studio in California and the 4️⃣ new studio in Poland.[37][61][62]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II is developed on a highly upgraded version of the engine first 4️⃣ used in 2024's Modern Warfare.[63][64] The engine is co-developed by Infinity Ward, Treyarch, and Sledgehammer Games, and will be used 4️⃣ in future installments of the series in a unified effort to ensure that every studio is working with the same 4️⃣ tools.[65][66][67]
Games [ edit ]
