Japanese martial art
Jujutsu Jūjutsu in kanji in Japanese name Kanji 柔術 Transcriptions Romanization jūjutsu
Jujutsu ( joo-JIT-soo; Japanese: 柔術 jūjutsu, pronounced 🍇 [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ()), also known as jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu, is a family of Japanese martial arts and a system of close 🍇 combat (unarmed or with a minor weapon) that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner to kill or 🍇 subdue one or more weaponless or armed and armored opponents.
[1][2] Jiu-jitsu dates back to the 1530s and was coined by 🍇 Hisamori Tenenouchi when he officially established the first jiu-jitsu school in Japan.
This form of martial arts uses few or no 🍇 weapons at all and includes strikes, throws, holds, and paralyzing attacks against the enemy.
Jujutsu developed from the warrior class around 🍇 the 17th century in Japan.
[3] It was designed to supplement the swordsmanship of a warrior during combat.
A subset of techniques 🍇 from certain styles of jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports, such as judo, aikido, 🍇 sambo, ARB, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and mixed martial arts.
The earliest recorded use of the word "Jiu-Jitsu" happens in 1530s and is 🍇 coined by Hisamori Tenenuchi when he officially established the first school of Jiu-Jitsu in Japan.
The history of the art during 🍇 this time is uncertain because teachers kept everything secret to give their art a feeling of importance and then would 🍇 change the stories of their art to suit their own needs.
Characteristics [ edit ]
"Jū" can be translated as "gentle, soft, 🍇 supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding", and "jutsu" can be translated as "art or technique".
"Jujutsu" thus has the meaning of "yielding-art", 🍇 as its core philosophy is to manipulate the opponent's force against themself rather than confronting it with one's own force.
[1] 🍇 Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in 🍇 which one uses no form of weapon, or only a short weapon.
[4] Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, 🍇 practitioners learned that the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws.
These 🍇 techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against them, rather than directly opposing it.[5]
There are many 🍇 variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches.
Jujutsu schools (ryū) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques 🍇 to some degree (e.g.
, throwing, takedowns, leg sweeps, trapping, pins, joint locks, holds, chokeholds, strangulation, gouging, biting, hair pulling, disengagements, 🍇 and striking).
In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach the use of weapons.
Today, jujutsu is practiced in both traditional self-defense oriented 🍇 and modern sports forms.
Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo, which was developed by Kanō 🍇 Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu, and sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, which were derived 🍇 from earlier (pre–World War II) versions of Kodokan judo that had more emphasis on ground fighting (which also caused the 🍇 creation of kosen judo).
Etymology [ edit ]
Jujutsu, the standard English language spelling, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system.
Before the 🍇 first half of the 20th century, however, jiu-Jitsu and ju-jitsu were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji 🍇 as Jitsu is not faithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation.
It was a non-standardized spelling resulting from how English-speakers heard the 🍇 second short u in the word, which is pronounced /ɯ/ and therefore close to a short English i.
[citation needed] This 🍇 may also be a reflection of the speech of Shitamachi that merges 'ju' into 'ji'.
Since Japanese martial arts first became 🍇 widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places.
Ju-jitsu is 🍇 still a common spelling in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom while jiu-jitsu is most widely used in Germany and 🍇 Brazil.
Different from the Japanese pronunciation, the word Jujutsu is still usually pronounced as if it is spelled jujitsu in the 🍇 United States.
Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as "unarmed" close combat systems used to defeat or control an 🍇 enemy who is similarly unarmed.
Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, 🍇 strangling, and joint locking.
Great pains were also taken by the bushi (classic warriors) to develop effective methods of defense, including 🍇 parrying or blocking strikes, thrusts and kicks, receiving throws or joint locking techniques (i.e.
, falling safely and knowing how to 🍇 "blend" to neutralize a technique's effect), releasing oneself from an enemy's grasp, and changing or shifting one's position to evade 🍇 or neutralize an attack.
As jujutsu is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted the principle of ju more than 🍇 others.
From a broader point of view, based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves, however, these 🍇 arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed, together with 🍇 methods of using minor weapons such as the jutte (truncheon; also called jitter), tantō (knife), or kakushi buki (hidden weapons), 🍇 such as the ryofundo kusari (weighted chain) or the bankokuchoki (a type of knuckle-duster), to defeat both armed or unarmed 🍇 opponents.
Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior's major weapons: 🍇 katana or tachi (sword), yari (spear), naginata (glaive), jō (short staff), and bō (quarterstaff).
These close combat methods were an important 🍇 part of the different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield.
They can be generally characterized as either 🍇 Sengoku period (1467–1603) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi (fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor), or Edo 🍇 period (1603–1867) suhada bu Jutsu (fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period, kimono and hakama).
The first 🍇 Chinese character of jujutsu (Chinese and Japanese: 柔; pinyin: róu; rōmaji: jū; Korean: 유; romaja: yu) is the same as 🍇 the first one in judo (Chinese and Japanese: 柔道; pinyin: róudào; rōmaji: jūdō; Korean: 유도; romaja: yudo).
The second Chinese character 🍇 of jujutsu (traditional Chinese and Japanese: 術; simplified Chinese: 术; pinyin: shù; rōmaji: jutsu; Korean: 술; romaja: sul) is the 🍇 same as the second one in bujutsu (traditional Chinese and Japanese: 武術; simplified Chinese: 武术; pinyin: wǔshù; rōmaji: bujutsu; Korean: 🍇 무술; romaja: musul).
History [ edit ]
Demonstration of a jujutsu defense against a knife attack.
Berlin 1924Origins [ edit ]
The written history 🍇 of Jujutsu first began during the Nara period (c.710 – c.
794) combining early forms of Sumo and various Japanese martial 🍇 arts which were used on the battlefield for close combat.
The oldest known styles of Jujutsu are, Shinden Fudo-ryū (c.
1130), Tenshin 🍇 Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (c.
1447), and Takenouchi-ryū, which was founded in 1530s.
Many jujutsu forms also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long 🍇 weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapons.
In contrast to the neighbouring nations of China 🍇 and Okinawa whose martial arts made greater use of striking techniques, Japanese hand-to-hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing (including 🍇 joint-locking throws), immobilizing, joint locks, choking, strangulation, and to lesser extent ground fighting.
In the early 17th century during the Edo 🍇 period, jujutsu would continue to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate to reduce 🍇 war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea and spread 🍇 throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika.
[6] During this new ideology, weapons and armor became unused decorative items, so 🍇 hand-to-hand combat flourished as a form of self-defense and new techniques were created to adapt to the changing situation of 🍇 unarmored opponents.
This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in 🍇 jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat, and back of the neck.
However towards the 🍇 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much 🍇 energy; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as a way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in 🍇 the lead up to a joint lock, strangle or throw.
During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools would challenge each 🍇 other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government.
From these challenges, randori was created 🍇 to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other 🍇 without intention to kill.[7][8]
The term jūjutsu was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a blanket 🍇 term for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques.
Prior to that time, these skills had names such as "short 🍇 sword grappling" (小具足腰之廻, kogusoku koshi no mawari), "grappling" (組討 or 組打, kumiuchi), "body art" (体術, taijutsu), "softness" (柔 or 和, 🍇 yawara), "art of harmony" (和術, wajutsu, yawarajutsu), "catching hand" (捕手, torite), and even the "way of softness" (柔道, jūdō) (as 🍇 early as 1724, almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan judo).[2]
Today, the systems of unarmed 🍇 combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period (1333–1573) are referred to collectively as Japanese old-style jujutsu (日本古流柔術, 🍇 Nihon koryū jūjutsu).
At this period in history, the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat, but rather means for 🍇 an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight a heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield.
In battle, it was 🍇 often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm, and would, therefore, be forced to rely on 🍇 his short sword, dagger, or bare hands.
When fully armored, the effective use of such "minor" weapons necessitated the employment of 🍇 grappling skills.
Methods of combat (as mentioned above) included striking (kicking and punching), various takedowns, trips, throwing (body throws, shoulder and 🍇 hip throws, joint-locking throws, sacrifice throws, unbalance and leg sweeping throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling, and rope tying) and 🍇 weaponry.
Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off-balancing, blending and escaping.
Minor weapons such as the tantō (knife), ryofundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto 🍇 wari (helmet breaker), and Kaku shi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu.
Development [ edit 🍇 ]
In later times, other ko-ryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today.
These are 🍇 correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu (founded during the Edo period): they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing 🍇 armor nor in a battlefield environment but instead utilize grips and holds on opponent's clothing.
Most systems of Edo jujutsu include 🍇 extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique), which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield.
[original 🍇 research?] They would, however, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire 🍇 (referred to as "suhada bujutsu").
Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tantō (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in the curriculum 🍇 of Edo jūjutsu.
1911 French publication on jujutsu
Another seldom-seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku 🍇 and Edo jujutsu systems.
Referred to as Hojo waza (捕縄術 hojojutsu, Tori Nawa Jutsu, nawa Jutsu, hayanawa and others), it involves 🍇 the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the sageo or tasuke) to restrain or strangle an attacker.
These techniques have for 🍇 the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue 🍇 to carry a hojo cord in addition to handcuffs.
The very old Takenouchi-ryu is one of the better-recognized systems that continue 🍇 extensive training in hojo waza.
Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing 🍇 of swords, the ancient tradition of Yagyū Shingan-ryū (Sendai and Edo lines) has focused much towards the Jujutsu (Yawara) contained 🍇 in its syllabus.
Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions).
These are called either Gendai 🍇 Jujutsu or modern jujutsu.
Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards the end of the Tokugawa period (1868) when more 🍇 than 2000 schools (ryū) of jūjutsu existed.
Various supposedly traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu 🍇 are actually gendai jūjutsu.
Although modern in formation, very few gendai Jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and 🍇 are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or koryu.
Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards techniques from judo and 🍇 Edo jūjutsu systems, and sometimes have little to no emphasis on standing armlocks and joint-locking throws that were common in 🍇 Koryu styles.
They also usually do not teach usage of traditional weapons as opposed to the Sengoku jūjutsu systems that did.
The 🍇 improbability of confronting an armor-clad attacker and using traditional weapons is the reason for this bias.
Over time, Gendai jujutsu has 🍇 been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police.
Perhaps 🍇 the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and 🍇 employed by the Tokyo Police Department.
Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British/US/Russian special 🍇 forces and SO1 police units) for many years.
Since the early 1900s, every military service in the world has an unarmed 🍇 combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of jujutsu.[9]
In the early 1900s[10] Edith Garrud became the first 🍇 British female teacher of jujutsu,[11] and one of the first female martial arts instructors in the Western world.[12]
There are many 🍇 forms of sports jujutsu, the original and most popular being judo, now an Olympic sport.
One of the most common is 🍇 mixed-style competitions, where competitors apply a variety of strikes, throws, and holds to score points.
There are also kata competitions, where 🍇 competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance.
There are also freestyle competitions, where competitors take 🍇 turns attacking each other, and the defender is judged on performance.
Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular 🍇 in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition, which is similar to Randori but more formalized.
Description [ edit ]
The 🍇 word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts."Ju" is a concept.
The idea behind this meaning of Ju is "to 🍇 be gentle", "to give way", "to yield", "to blend", "to move out of harm's way".
"Jutsu" is the principle or "the 🍇 action" part of ju-jutsu.
In Japanese this word means art.[13]
Japanese jujutsu systems typically put more emphasis on throwing, pinning, and joint-locking 🍇 techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate, which rely more on striking techniques.
Striking techniques were seen as less 🍇 important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and because they were considered less 🍇 effective than throws and grappling so were mostly used as set-ups for their grappling techniques and throws, although some styles, 🍇 such as Yōshin-ryū, Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kyushin-ryū had more emphasis on striking.
However, many modern-day jujutsu schools include striking, both as 🍇 a set-up for further techniques or as a stand-alone action.
In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal 🍇 or crippling moves, such as joint-locking throws.
However, because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment, the risk is minimized.
Students are 🍇 taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws.
Old schools and derivations [ edit ]
As jujutsu 🍇 has so many facets, it has become the foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today.
As each instructor incorporated 🍇 new techniques and tactics into what was taught to them originally, they codified and developed their own ryu (school) or 🍇 Federation to help other instructors, schools, and clubs.
Some of these schools modified the source material enough that they no longer 🍇 consider themselves a style of jujutsu.
Arguments and discussions amongst the martial arts fraternity have evoked to the topic of whether 🍇 specific methods are in fact not jujitsu at all.
Tracing the history of a specific school can be cumbersome and impossible 🍇 in some circumstances.
Around the year 1600 there were over 2000 jujutsu ko-ryū styles, most with at least some common descent, 🍇 characteristics, and shared techniques.
Specific technical characteristics, list of techniques, and the way techniques were performed varied from school to school.
Many 🍇 of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu.
Schools of jujutsu with long lineages include:Aikido 🍇 [ edit ]
Aikido is a modern martial art developed primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba 🍇 from the system of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu.
Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku with aikido being a systemic refinement of 🍇 defensive techniques from Aiki-Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender.
Aikido changed 🍇 much during Ueshiba's lifetime, so earlier styles (such as Yoshinkan) are more like the original Aiki-Jujutsu than ones (such as 🍇 Ki-Aikido) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life.
Wado Ryu Karate [ 🍇 edit ]
Wadō-ryū (和道流) is one of the four major karate styles and was founded by Hironori Otsuka (1892–1982).
Wadō-ryū is a 🍇 hybrid of Japanese Martial Arts such as Shindō Yōshin-ryū Ju-jitsu, Shotokan Karate, and Shito Ryu Karate.
The style itself places emphasis 🍇 on not only striking, but tai sabaki, joint locks and throws.
It has its origins within Tomari-te.
From one point of view, 🍇 Wadō-ryū might be considered a style of jū-jutsu rather than karate.
Hironori Ōtsuka embraced ju-jitsu and was its chief instructor for 🍇 a time.
When Ōtsuka first registered his school with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938, the style was called "Shinshu 🍇 Wadō-ryū Karate-Jūjutsu," a name that reflects its hybrid character.
Ōtsuka was a licensed Shindō Yōshin-ryū practitioner and a student of Yōshin-ryū 🍇 when he first met the Okinawan karate master Gichin Funakoshi.
After having learned from Funakoshi, and after their split, with Okinawan 🍇 masters such as Kenwa Mabuni and Motobu Chōki, Ōtsuka merged Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Okinawan karate.
The result of Ōtsuka's efforts is 🍇 Wadō-ryū Karate.
Bartitsu [ edit ]
Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton-Wright, who had studied Tenjin 🍇 Shinyō-ryū and Shinden Fudo-ryū in Yokohama and Kobe.
He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo.
Upon returning to England he 🍇 folded the basics of all of these styles, as well as boxing, savate, and forms of stick fighting, into an 🍇 eclectic self-defence system called Bartitsu.[17]Judo [ edit ]
Kanō Jigorō, founder of judo
Modern judo is the classic example of a sport 🍇 that derived from jujutsu.
Many who study judo believe as Kanō did, that judo is not a sport but a self-defense 🍇 system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony.
Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of 🍇 these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in competition.
This created an extensive family of martial arts and 🍇 sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part.
The way an opponent is dealt with also depends on 🍇 the teacher's philosophy with regard to combat.
This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu.
Not all jujutsu was used 🍇 in sporting contests, but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890.
Techniques like hair-pulling, eye-poking, and groin attacks 🍇 were and are not considered acceptable in sport, thus, they are excluded from judo competitions or randori.
However, judo did preserve 🍇 some more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata.
The kata were intended to be practised by students of all grades but 🍇 now are mostly practised formally as complete set-routines for performance, kata competition and grading, rather than as individual self-defense techniques 🍇 in class.
However, judo retained the full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of 🍇 joint locks.
Even judo's pinning techniques have pain-generating, spine-and-rib-squeezing and smothering aspects.
A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a 🍇 legitimate win.
Kanō viewed the safe "contest" aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent's 🍇 body in a real fight.
Kanō always considered judo a form of, and development of, jujutsu.
A judo technique starts with gripping 🍇 the opponent, followed by off-balancing them and using their momentum against them, and then applying the technique.
Kuzushi (the art of 🍇 breaking balance) is also used in jujutsu, whereby an opponent's attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order 🍇 to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with a technique - thus controlling the opponent.
It is known 🍇 in both systems that kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible.
Jujutsu differs from judo in 🍇 a number of ways.
In some circumstances, judoka generate kuzushi by striking one's opponent along his weak line.
Other methods of generating 🍇 kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, poking or striking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of 🍇 the body where nerves are close to the skin – see kyusho-jitsu) to unbalance opponent and set up throws.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu 🍇 [ edit ]
Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914.
Maeda agreed to teach the 🍇 art to Luiz França, Jacintho Ferro and Carlos Gracie, son of his friend, businessman and politician Gastão Gracie.
Luiz França went 🍇 on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda.
After Carlos learned the art from Ferro and Maeda, he passed his knowledge to 🍇 his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George.
Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques, although he was told 🍇 he was too young to practise.
At the time, Judo was still commonly called Kanō jiu-jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), 🍇 which is why this derivative of judo is called Brazilian jiu-jitsu rather than Brazilian judo.
Its emphasis shifted to ground fighting 🍇 because the Gracie family thought that it was easier to learn than throws and standup grappling, more efficient and much 🍇 more practical.
Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights (mostly against practitioners of other martial arts), competitions and experimenting 🍇 throughout decades of intense training.
BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions in the United States,[citation needed] causing 🍇 the emerging field to adopt many of its practices.
Less-practised stand-up techniques in Gracie jiujitsu survive in some BJJ clubs from 🍇 its judo and jujutsu heritage (judo throws, knife defense, gun defense, blocking, striking etc.).
Sambo [ edit ]
Anatoly Kharlampiyev (right) shows 🍇 a set-up for a standard Sambo arm-knot, which, if proceeded further, would turn into a standing Nelson hold without taking 🍇 down the opponent
Sambo (an acronym from samozashchita bez oruzhia, Russian for "self defense without a weapon") was an early Soviet 🍇 martial art, a direct descendant of judo, developed in the 1920s by Viktor Spiridonov, the Dynamo Sports Society jujutsu instructor, 🍇 and Russo-Japanese War veteran.
As it was developed largely for police purposes, a special emphasis in Sambo was placed on the 🍇 standing armlocks and grappling-counters in order to free oneself from hold, apprehend and escort a suspect without taking him down; 🍇 Sambo utilized throws mainly as a defensive counter in case of a surprise attack from behind.
Instead of takedowns, it used 🍇 shakedowns to unbalance the opponent without actually dropping him down, while oneself still maintaining a steady balance.
It was in essence 🍇 a standing arm-wrestling, armlock mastery-type of martial art, which utilized a variety of different types of armlocks, knots and compression-holds 🍇 (and counters to protect oneself from them) applied to the opponent's fingers, thumbs, wrist, forearm, elbow, biceps, shoulder, and neck, 🍇 coupled with finger pressure on various trigger points of human body, particularly sensitive to painful pressure, as well as manipulating 🍇 the opponent's sleeve and collar to immobilize his upper body, extremities, and subdue him.
Sambo combined jujutsu with wrestling, boxing, and 🍇 savate techniques for extreme street situations.
Later, in the late 1930s it was methodized by Spiridonov's trainee Vladislav Volkov to be 🍇 taught at military and police academies, and eventually combined with the judo-based wrestling technique developed by Vasili Oshchepkov, who was 🍇 the third foreigner to learn judo in Japan and earned a second-degree black belt awarded by Kanō Jigorō himself, encompassing 🍇 traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling researched by Oshchepkov's disciple Anatoly Kharlampiyev to create sambo.
As Spiridonov and Oshchepkov disliked 🍇 each other very much, and both opposed vehemently to unify their effort, it took their disciples to settle the differences 🍇 and produce a combined system.
Modern sports sambo is similar to sport judo or sport Brazilian jiu-jitsu with differences including use 🍇 of a sambovka jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi, and a special emphasis on leglocks and holds, but 🍇 with much less emphasis on guard and chokes (banned in competition).
Modern schools [ edit ]
After the introduction of jujutsu to 🍇 the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent a process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding 🍇 the arts of jujutsu to suit western culture in its myriad varieties.
There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, 🍇 that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees.[18]
Some of the largest post-reformation (founded post-1905) gendai jujutsu schools include (but 🍇 are certainly not limited to these in that there are hundreds (possibly thousands), of new branches of "jujutsu"):
Sport jujutsu [ 🍇 edit ]
There are many types of sport jujutsu.
One version of sport jujutsu is known as "JJIF Rules Sport Ju-Jitsu", organized 🍇 by Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF).
The JJIF is a member of GAISF and has been recognized as an official sport of 🍇 the World Games.
Sport jujutsu comes in three main variants.
In Duo (self-defense demonstration), both the tori (attacker) and the uke (defender) 🍇 come from the same team and demonstrate self-defense techniques.
In this variant, there is a special system named Random Attacks, focusing 🍇 on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering.
The tori and the uke are also from 🍇 the same team but here they do not know what the attack will be, which is given to the tori 🍇 by the judges, without the uke's knowledge.
The second variant is the Fighting System (Freefighting) where competitors combine striking, grappling and 🍇 submissions under rules which emphasise safety.
Many of the potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns, necklocks and digital choking and 🍇 locking are prohibited in sport jujutsu.
There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules.[19][20]
The third variant 🍇 is the Japanese/Ne Waza (grappling) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission.
Striking is not allowed.
Other 🍇 variants of competition include Sparring, with various rule sets.
Ground fighting similar to BJJ, Kata and Demonstrations.
Sparring and ground fighting can 🍇 have various rule sets depending on the organisation.
Kata can be open hand or with traditional Jujutsu weapons and Demonstrations can 🍇 be in pairs or teams of up to 7.[21]
Heritage and philosophy [ edit ]
Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined 🍇 with the martial arts in the public imagination.
Buddhism, Shinto, Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix 🍇 and match to suit.
This reflects the variety of outlook one finds in the different schools.
Jujutsu expresses the philosophy of yielding 🍇 to an opponent's force rather than trying to oppose force with force.
Manipulating an opponent's attack using his force and direction 🍇 allows jujutsuka to control the balance of their opponent and hence prevent the opponent from resisting the counterattack.
